Lymphocyte Differentiation and Effector Functions

Univ São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Immunol, BR-05508000 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, BR-04021001 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, BR-04021001 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Characterization of Vascular Adhesion Molecules that may Facilitate Progenitor Homing in the Post-natal Mouse Thymus

T cell progenitors derive from the bone marrow but must migrate via bloodstream to the thymus in order to differentiate. The mechanism by which the thymus recruits progenitors from the blood is unknown. It is known, however, that there are receptive and refractory periods for progenitor recruitment and that when cells are imported, they enter the thymus through post-capillary venules. Therefore, recruitment is an active process temporally and spatially regulated. In order to characterize the mechanism of recruitment, we evaluated vascular signals known to regulate leukocyte extravasation, with respect to their intrathymic location and temporal fluctuations. We find that CD34, MECA79, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VAP-1 are all expressed in thymic blood vessels. MECA79 and VAP-1 appear to be specific for post-capillary venules, while ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are also found on intrathymic stromal cells. MAdCAM is also expressed in the thymus, but is not associated with vascular tissues. Only MECA79 is upregulated during recruitment peaks, suggesting a role for this molecule in the periodicity of recruitment. Together, these studies reveal potential roles for l-selectin ligands, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VAP-1 in progenitor recruitment to the thymus, and implicate the presence of other periodic signals, such as chemokines and cytokines, that cooperate to execute this essential function

Characterization of Vascular Adhesion Molecules that may Facilitate Progenitor Homing in the Post-natal Mouse Thymus

T cell progenitors derive from the bone marrow but must migrate via bloodstream to the thymus in order to differentiate. The mechanism by which the thymus recruits progenitors from the blood is unknown. It is known, however, that there are receptive and refractory periods for progenitor recruitment and that when cells are imported, they enter the thymus through post-capillary venules. Therefore, recruitment is an active process temporally and spatially regulated. In order to characterize the mechanism of recruitment, we evaluated vascular signals known to regulate leukocyte extravasation, with respect to their intrathymic location and temporal fluctuations. We find that CD34, MECA79, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VAP-1 are all expressed in thymic blood vessels. MECA79 and VAP-1 appear to be specific for post-capillary venules, while ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are also found on intrathymic stromal cells. MAdCAM is also expressed in the thymus, but is not associated with vascular tissues. Only MECA79 is upregulated during recruitment peaks, suggesting a role for this molecule in the periodicity of recruitment. Together, these studies reveal potential roles for L-selectin ligands, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VAP-1 in progenitor recruitment to the thymus, and implicate the presence of other periodic signals, such as chemokines and cytokines, that cooperate to execute this essential function

Editorial: Macrophages role in integrating tissue Signals and Biological Processes in Chronic inflammation and Fibrosis

Univ Sao Paulo, Immunol Dept, Sao Paulo, BrazilINSERM, Paris, FranceUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Nephrol Div, Med Dept, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Renal Physiol Lab, Fac Med, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Nephrol Div, Med Dept, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Effects of ACTH, PMA and dcAMP on fos, jun and c-myc gene expression and AP-1 transcription factor activity control in Y-1 adrenocortical cells

As células Y-1 pertencem a uma linhagem clonal de células funcionais de córtex adrenal de camundongo, que respondem a ACTH. Em células Y-1, ACTH promove a esteroidogênese (função) e tem efeitos regulatórios complexos na transição G0→G1→S do ciclo celular. ACTH promove a transição G0→G1, mas inibe a transição G1→S. É possível que a regulação do ciclo celular por ACTH seja mediada pelo controle da expressão dos proto-oncogenes das famílias fos, jun e myc. Nosso laboratório mostrou, anteriormente, que ACTH induz a expressão dos genes fos e jun, mas inibe c-myc. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar pontos de controle na expressão dos genes fos, jun e myc e na atividade dos fatores de transcrição AP-1 (dímeros da proteínas Fos e Jun) por ACTH, derivados de cAMP (ativadores de PKA), PMA (ativador de PKC) e FCS (soro fetal bovino). ACTH, PMA e dcAMP aumentam a atividade de ligação de AP-1 a DNA, independentemente de síntese protéica. Ensaios de elongação de cadeia nascente de RNA (run off transcription) mostram que ACTH, PMA e FCS são fortes indutores de c-fos, c-jun e junB, enquanto dcAMP induz apenas c-fos e junB. Hibridizações Northern permitiram estimar a meia-vida dos mRNAs de c-fos e c-jun em 30 min, independentemente do tratamento com ACTH ou PMA. Diferentemente de c-fos, o mRNA de fosB é superinduzido por ActinomicinaD em células Y-1 tratadas com ACTH e PMA.The Y-1 cells belong to a clonal lineage of functional mouse adrenocortical cells, which are responsive to ACTH. In Y-1 cells, ACTH promotes esteroidogenesis (function) and has complex effects on the G0→G1→S transition of the Y-1 cell cycle. ACTH induces the G0→G1 transition but inhibits the G1+S transition. Probably, the cell cycle regulation by ACTH is mediated by the expression control of the proto-oncogenes from the fos, jun and myc families. Our laboratory has previously shown that ACTH induces the fos and jun genes expression, but inhibits c-myc expression. The target of this work was to identify control points in the fos, jun and myc genes expression and in the AP-1 transcription factors (Fos and Jun proteins dimers) by ACTH, cAMP derivatives (PKA activators), PMA (PKC activator) and FCS (Fetal Calf Serum). ACTH, PMA and dcAMP raise the AP-1 DNA binding activity, independently of protein synthesis. Run off transcription assays show that ACTH, PMA and FCS are strong c-fos, c-jun and junB inducers, while dcAMP induces only c-fos and junB. Northern hybridisations allowed us to estimate the half life of the fos and jun mRNAs in about 30 min, independently of ACTH or PMA treatment. Differently of c-fos, fosB mRNA is superinduced by ActinomicinD treatment in Y-1 cells treated with ACTH or PMA

The c-myc gene and the control of cell cycle by ACTH and FGF2 in the Y-1 adrenocortical cell line

ACTH é o hormônio trófico que estimula a esteroidogênese, promove o crescimento e a manutenção do córtex adrenal. Porém, em linhagens adrenocorticais, assim como em culturas primárias, ACTH inibe a proliferação celular. A linhagem Y-1 de células adrenocorticais de camundongo tem as seguintes respostas a ACTH: aumento da esteroidogênese, arredondamento celular, bloqueio do ciclo celular em G1 e indução dos proto-oncogenes fos e jun. Esta linhagem também responde muito Sem a FGF2, um protótipo da família dos FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factors) que regula diferenciação e proliferação de diversos tipos celulares, sendo estimulada a transitar pelas fases G0→G1→S do ciclo celular. ACTH antagoniza este efeito de FGF2, inibindo parcialmente a entrada em S induzida por FGF2. Este projeto buscou compreender o papel de c-Myc no controle do ciclo celular de Y-1, com ênfase nos efeitos de ACTH e FGF2 na expressão e atividade de c-Myc. Mostramos que os dois principais controles da expressão de c-Myc em Y-1 são transcrição e degradação da proteína, sendo a concentração de c-Myc o único controle sobre o sistema Myc/Max/Mad, uma vez que a expressão de Max e de Mad-1 , Mad-4 e Mxi é constitutiva em células Y-1. FGF2 induz a expressão de c-Myc através da indução da transcrição e aumento da estabilidade da proteína de forma totalmente dependente da via de Erk-MAPK. ACTH, por outro lado, não interfere com a transcrição de c-myc, mas promove fortemente a degradação da proteína, dependentemente da via de PKA. Utilizando um sistema de transfecção transiente, transfectamos uma quimera da proteína c-Myc com o receptor de estrógeno, MycER. Quando ativada por tamoxifen, a quimera migra para o núcleo e reverte a ação anti-mitogênica de ACTH sobre FGF2, porém, não tem efeito sobre células carenciadas tratadas ou não com ACTH apenas. Em conclusão, o antagonismo entre ACTH e FGF2 no controle da transição G0→G1→S do ciclo celular de Y-1 pode ser explicado pelas suas ações antagônicas sobre a estabilidade da proteína c-Myc.ACTH is the trophic hormone that stimulates steroidogenesis, promotes growth and maintenance of the adrenal cortex. However, in adrenal cell lines, as well as in primary cultures, ACTH inhibits cell proliferation. ACTH effects on Y-1 cells are: increasing in steroidogenesis, cell rounding, cell cycle blocking in G1 phase and induction of fos and jun proto-oncogenes expression. Y-1 cell line displays a robust response to FGF2, a member from the FGFs family (Fibroblast Growth Factors), which regulates differentiation and proliferation in many cell types, being induced to enter G0→G1→S phases of fhe cell cycle upon FGF2 stimulation. ACTH antagonizes FGF2 effect, partially inhibiting cell cycle progression stimulated by FGF2. This project aimed to investigate c-Myc role in Y-1 cell cycle control, with emphasis on ACTH and FGF2 effects on its expression and activity control. We have shown that there are two main controls of c-Myc expression in Y-1 cells, transcription and protein stability. c-Myc concentration regulates the system Myc/Max/Mad, once Max and also Mad-1, Mad-4 and Mxi expression is constitutive in Y-1 cells. FGF2 induces c-Myc expression by increasing its transcription rate and stabilizing the protein in an Erk-MAPK pathway dependent manner. ACTH, on the other hand, does not control c-myc transcription but promotes a strong degradation of the protein through the PKA pathway. Using a transient transfection system, we were able to express MycER, a chimera of c-Myc and estrogen receptor in Y-1 cells. When activated by tamoxlfen, MycER is translocated to cell nucleus, where it abolishes the anti-mitogenic effect of ACTH over FGF2. However, it has no effect on cell cycle progression of serum starved cells treated or not with ACTH only. In conclusion, their antagonist effects on c-Myc protein stability can explain the antagonist effects of ACTH and FGF2 on the control of G0→G1→S transition of Y-1 cell cycle

The c-myc gene and the control of cell cycle by ACTH and FGF2 in the Y-1 adrenocortical cell line

ACTH é o hormônio trófico que estimula a esteroidogênese, promove o crescimento e a manutenção do córtex adrenal. Porém, em linhagens adrenocorticais, assim como em culturas primárias, ACTH inibe a proliferação celular. A linhagem Y-1 de células adrenocorticais de camundongo tem as seguintes respostas a ACTH: aumento da esteroidogênese, arredondamento celular, bloqueio do ciclo celular em G1 e indução dos proto-oncogenes fos e jun. Esta linhagem também responde muito Sem a FGF2, um protótipo da família dos FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factors) que regula diferenciação e proliferação de diversos tipos celulares, sendo estimulada a transitar pelas fases G0→G1→S do ciclo celular. ACTH antagoniza este efeito de FGF2, inibindo parcialmente a entrada em S induzida por FGF2. Este projeto buscou compreender o papel de c-Myc no controle do ciclo celular de Y-1, com ênfase nos efeitos de ACTH e FGF2 na expressão e atividade de c-Myc. Mostramos que os dois principais controles da expressão de c-Myc em Y-1 são transcrição e degradação da proteína, sendo a concentração de c-Myc o único controle sobre o sistema Myc/Max/Mad, uma vez que a expressão de Max e de Mad-1 , Mad-4 e Mxi é constitutiva em células Y-1. FGF2 induz a expressão de c-Myc através da indução da transcrição e aumento da estabilidade da proteína de forma totalmente dependente da via de Erk-MAPK. ACTH, por outro lado, não interfere com a transcrição de c-myc, mas promove fortemente a degradação da proteína, dependentemente da via de PKA. Utilizando um sistema de transfecção transiente, transfectamos uma quimera da proteína c-Myc com o receptor de estrógeno, MycER. Quando ativada por tamoxifen, a quimera migra para o núcleo e reverte a ação anti-mitogênica de ACTH sobre FGF2, porém, não tem efeito sobre células carenciadas tratadas ou não com ACTH apenas. Em conclusão, o antagonismo entre ACTH e FGF2 no controle da transição G0→G1→S do ciclo celular de Y-1 pode ser explicado pelas suas ações antagônicas sobre a estabilidade da proteína c-Myc.ACTH is the trophic hormone that stimulates steroidogenesis, promotes growth and maintenance of the adrenal cortex. However, in adrenal cell lines, as well as in primary cultures, ACTH inhibits cell proliferation. ACTH effects on Y-1 cells are: increasing in steroidogenesis, cell rounding, cell cycle blocking in G1 phase and induction of fos and jun proto-oncogenes expression. Y-1 cell line displays a robust response to FGF2, a member from the FGFs family (Fibroblast Growth Factors), which regulates differentiation and proliferation in many cell types, being induced to enter G0→G1→S phases of fhe cell cycle upon FGF2 stimulation. ACTH antagonizes FGF2 effect, partially inhibiting cell cycle progression stimulated by FGF2. This project aimed to investigate c-Myc role in Y-1 cell cycle control, with emphasis on ACTH and FGF2 effects on its expression and activity control. We have shown that there are two main controls of c-Myc expression in Y-1 cells, transcription and protein stability. c-Myc concentration regulates the system Myc/Max/Mad, once Max and also Mad-1, Mad-4 and Mxi expression is constitutive in Y-1 cells. FGF2 induces c-Myc expression by increasing its transcription rate and stabilizing the protein in an Erk-MAPK pathway dependent manner. ACTH, on the other hand, does not control c-myc transcription but promotes a strong degradation of the protein through the PKA pathway. Using a transient transfection system, we were able to express MycER, a chimera of c-Myc and estrogen receptor in Y-1 cells. When activated by tamoxlfen, MycER is translocated to cell nucleus, where it abolishes the anti-mitogenic effect of ACTH over FGF2. However, it has no effect on cell cycle progression of serum starved cells treated or not with ACTH only. In conclusion, their antagonist effects on c-Myc protein stability can explain the antagonist effects of ACTH and FGF2 on the control of G0→G1→S transition of Y-1 cell cycle